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引言——留在嘲讽中的见证 公元二世纪中叶,罗马哲学家塞尔苏斯写了一篇抨击基督教的论战文章。在文中,他这样描述这一信仰: “这是妇女、儿童和奴隶的宗教。” 他写这句话是为了嘲讽。然而讽刺的是,这一嘲弄却成了对早期教会何等激进的最准确见证之一。罗马最伟大的知识分子之一感到受了威胁,这本身就证明福音正在撼动世界秩序的根基。 那么,圣经中究竟是哪些信息令人如此胆寒? 一、罗马所建立的秩序 耶稣降生时的罗马帝国,是一个等级森严的社会。 妇女生活在”家父权”(patria potestas)之下——即男性家长的绝对法律权威之下。婚前她们隶属于父亲,婚后则隶属于丈夫。她们无权在公开场合发言,也不能在法庭上作证。 奴隶所面对的处境更为极端。罗马法律将奴隶定义为res——”物件”。帝国大约百分之三十至四十的人口是奴隶,主人对他们握有生杀之权。奴隶没有法定姓名,没有家庭,没有未来。 这一秩序经过数百年的哲学论证而得以确立。亚里士多德曾教导说:”有些人生来就是奴隶,这是自然的秩序。”这正是那个时代知识阶层共同持守的世界观。 二、圣经所宣告的 就在这铁铸般的世界里,福音书来到了。 在公开传道的开端,耶稣展开以赛亚书的卷轴,读道:”主的灵在我身上,因为他用膏膏我,叫我传福音给贫穷的人;差遣我报告被掳的得释放,瞎眼的得看见,叫那受压制的得自由。”(路加福音4:18)这是一篇属灵的宣言——同时也是一枚社会的炸弹。 保罗写得更为直接:”并不分犹太人、希腊人、自主的、为奴的,或男或女,因为你们在基督耶稣里都成为一了。”(加拉太书3:28)请想一想,这一句话摧毁了什么。族裔的界限、阶级的界限、性别的界限——罗马花费数百年所构建的每一道等级壁垒,在这一宣告面前都化为虚无。 三、教会所实践的 这不仅仅是宣言。早期教会将它付诸实践。 妇女成为见证人。 第一批亲眼目睹并宣告耶稣复活的人,是妇女。在当时的犹太法庭,妇女的证词不具任何法律效力。然而上帝却拣选妇女,作为历史上最重要事件的第一批见证人。这绝非偶然。 妇女成为领袖。 非比是教会的女执事(罗马书16:1);百基拉将神的道更详细地讲给亚波罗听(使徒行传18:26);犹尼亚被称为使徒中的佼佼者(罗马书16:7);吕底亚开放自己的家,成为腓立比教会的核心。无数无名妇女,才是早期教会真正的柱石。 奴隶与自由人同席而坐。 圣餐绝非单纯的仪式。主人与奴隶共擘同一块饼,同饮同一个杯。在罗马社会,餐桌是彰显社会地位的空间——与谁同席,就是宣告与谁平等。教会的圣餐桌,是对罗马阶级制度的直接拒绝。 昔日的奴隶成为主教。 三世纪初,加里斯都一世(Callixtus I)成为罗马教会的主教——而他曾经是一名奴隶。在帝国的首都,一个曾被法律定义为”物件”的人,成为了一个群体的最高领袖。这是世界前所未见之事。 四、革命的原则——圣经为何如此教导? 早期教会的平等,并非来自意识形态,而是来自神学。 第一,上帝形象的教义(Imago Dei): “上帝就照着自己的形象造人,乃是照着他的形象造男造女。”(创世记1:27)若每一个人都承载上帝的形象,则没有任何人可以仅仅被视为工具或器物。这一真理摧毁了罗马奴隶制的哲学根基。 第二,道成肉身。 上帝成为人——而且不是降生于最高之处,而是最低之处。生于马槽,长为木匠之子,以罪犯之身被处死。若上帝自己选择与最卑微者同行,则高贵者再无任何理由藐视卑微者。 第三,五旬节。 圣灵降临,不论性别、阶级或年龄。彼得引用先知约珥的话:”你们的儿女要说预言……那时,我要将我的灵浇灌我的仆人和使女,他们就要说预言。”(使徒行传2:17-18)在圣灵的恩赐面前,再无地位高下之分。 五、不完美,却史无前例 这并不是说早期教会是一个理想的群体。保罗的某些段落被解读为限制妇女的角色,教会也从未发表过呼吁废除奴隶制的政治宣言。哥林多的教会因在圣餐中奉行阶级歧视,受到保罗的严厉斥责(哥林多前书11:17-22)。 但重要的是方向。教会向世界上最被藐视之人敞开了大门。而这一方向本身,就是革命。 历史学家罗德尼·斯塔克(Rodney Stark)在分析早期基督徒增长的原因时指出,妇女是最早、最深切地领受福音的人,原因在于:福音第一次宣告了她们作为完整人格的尊严。 结语——对今日的我们 塞尔苏斯嘲讽了。但这”妇女与奴隶的宗教”,最终改变了整个罗马帝国。在此后数百年间,福音的内在逻辑,成为废奴运动、妇女参政运动和现代普世人权宣言的深层根基。 圣经在它自己的时代是激进的。或许在我们的时代,它也远比我们通常所认为的更为激进。我们尚未完全活出福音的革命。 “并不分犹太人、希腊人、自主的、为奴的,或男或女,因为你们在基督耶稣里都成为一了。”(加拉太书3:28) 这一句话,改变了世界。

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